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This paper investigates whether human capital raises the productivity and labor allocation of rural households in four districts of Pakistan. We find that households with better educated males earn higher off-farm income and divert labor resources away from farm activities toward non-farm work. Better fed males are also more productive in off-farm work. Education has no significant effect on productivity in crop and livestock production. Half of the effect of human capital on household incomes is realized through the reallocation of labor from low productivity activities to non-farm work. Female education and nutrition do not affect productivity and labor allocation in any systematic fashion, consistent with the marginal role women play in market oriented activities in Pakistan. As a by-product, our estimation approach also tests the existence of perfect labor and factor markets; this hypothesis is strongly rejected.